Hacks of Electronics
Here are the basic electronics tutorial circuits for beginners. You can find here tutorials on operational amplifiers (opamp), transistor, MOSFETs, 555 timer IC, audio amplifiers and many more.
Understanding the difference between Surge Protection and Over Voltage Protection is essential for designing robust electronic systems, selecting the right protective components, and complying with safety and EMC standards. Modern electronic and electrical systems are increasingly sensitive to abnormal voltage conditions. With the widespread use of microcontrollers, SMPS power supplies, communication modules, and semiconductor devices, […]
While a BCD adder performs decimal addition using binary hardware with correction logic, a BCD subtractor performs the subtraction of one BCD number from another and produces a valid BCD result. This requires additional logic because simple binary subtraction does not automatically produce valid BCD outputs. Digital systems frequently need to perform arithmetic operations such […]
Let’s explore the BCD Adder Circuit and learn how it adds decimal digits using Binary Coded Decimal (BCD), a digital coding system in which each decimal digit is represented using a 4-bit binary number. BCD arithmetic is widely used in digital systems where calculations must remain in decimal form, such as calculators, clocks, and display-based […]
This article explains clamper circuits from the ground up including their types, mathematical analysis, waveforms, working principle, differences, applications, and real-world design considerations. Clamper circuits are fundamental waveform-shaping networks used in electronics to shift the entire signal level either upward or downward without altering the overall shape of the waveform. Unlike clippers, which remove or […]
A Clipper Circuit, also called a limiter, is an electronic circuit that removes or “clips” selected portions of an input signal without distorting the remaining waveform. Its primary purpose is to prevent a signal from rising above or falling below a specified voltage level. Because of this, clippers are widely used in waveform shaping, signal […]
Energy band theory of solids explains why some solids conduct electricity easily, why some do not, and why others behave in-between. Classical physics could not explain electrical conduction fully, but quantum mechanics and band theory together provide a complete picture. Solids are materials in which atoms are closely packed in a regular or irregular arrangement. […]